中考英語知識點總結
【來源:易教網 更新時間:2024-06-17】
1 修飾比較級時常見的錯誤
1. more不可修飾比較級,但much可以用來加強比較級,意為"……的多,更……"
He looks more younger than I. (×)
He looks much younger than I. (√ )
2. 比較的對象或范圍出現錯誤。
1)The weather of Beijing is colder than Shanghai. (×)
(比較的對象應該是上海的天氣,而不是上海)
The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. (√)
2)China is larger than any country in Asia. (×)(出現了邏輯上的錯誤: 中國就是亞洲國家,應當排除在外。)
China is larger than any country in Africa. (√) 中國比非洲的任何國家都大。
China is larger than any other country in Asia. (√) 中國比亞洲的任何(其他的)國家都大。
特別提示
Than后面接代詞時,一般要用主格,但在口語中也可使用賓格。如果than后是一個句子,則不可使用賓格。
He works harder than me.
He works harder than I do.
2 形容詞的比較級
用于兩者比較,表示"比…更…":
"A+系動詞+形容詞比較級+than+ B,e.g. I am two years older than my little sister.
"A+謂語動詞+副詞比較級+than+ B:e.g. She gets to school earlier than the other students.
"比較級+and+比較級",這種結構表示事物本身程度的逐漸增長,意為"越來越…"。
eg. In spring the days are getting longer and longer.
"the+比較級…the+比較級",表示一方的程度隨著另一方的程度的增長而增長,表示"越…,越…"。
eg. The mort you practice using English,the better you'll learn it 你英語練得越多,就會學得越好。
"A十動詞十the+比較級+of短語(比較范圍)",這種結構表示"兩者中更……的那一個"。當比較雙方只出現一方(沒有than及其后面的部分),且句中含有of the two……時,比較級前要加the.
eg. Penny is the taller of the two girls.
The larger of the two houses belongs to Mr. Black.
表示兩者程度不同的其他方式
可用more than(多于……), not more than(不多于……), less than(少于……), not less than(不少于……), less+形容詞+ than(不如……)等。
We haven't got more than one hour left right now.
It is less cold today than it was yesterday.
"not+比較級 +than"與"no+比較級+than" 這兩個結構表達的意思完全不同:
前者往往表示"一方不比另一方……",后者往往表示"前者和后者一樣都不…";
修飾說明數量時,前者表示"最多,不比……多",后者表示"僅僅",帶有感情色彩。
I am not taller than you. 我不比你高。
I am no taller than you. 我和你一樣高。
My French is not better than yours.
My French is no better than yours.
She is not more than seven years old.
She is no more than seven years old.
3 形容詞的最高級
最高級是表示在三者或更多者中程度最高的比較方式
the+ 形容詞最高級+名詞+表示范圍的短語或從句
Jack is the tallest student in his class.
He is the fastest runner of the three boys.
This is the most boring book I've ever read.
one of the+形容詞最高級+名詞復數+表示范圍的短語或從句
China is one of the largest countries in the world.
用法比較:介詞in和of引導的短語說明比較的范圍
如果在一定的地域空間內進行比較用in; 如果在同一類事物范圍內進行比較用of.
China is the largest country in Asia.
China is the largest one of all the Asian countries.
運用比較級表達最高級的概念: "比較級+than any other+名詞單數","比較級+than the other+名詞復數"或"比較級+than the rest of +the+名詞復數"
Julia is taller than any other girl in her class.
= Julia is taller than the other girls in her class. = Julia is taller than the rest of the girls in her class.
4 表示移動方向的介詞
(1)to表示“向,往到”。
如:
He will drive to Nanjing. 他將開車去南京。
(2) from表示“自,從,來自”。
如:
Where are you from 你是哪兒人
I am from Jiangsu Province. 我是江蘇人。
(3)up表示“向……上,往上”。
如:
Mr. Smith used a lift to go up and down. 史密斯先生乘電梯上下。
( 4)down表示“向……下,沿著……往下”。
如:
Go down the street then you’ll find the shop. 沿著這條街走,你就會發現那個商店。
(5)round表示“環繞,圍繞”
如:
The students are running round the playground. 學生們正繞著操場跑步。
(6)across表示“橫過,穿過,跨過”。
如:
A boy walked across the park just now. 一個男孩剛才穿過公園。
(7)through表示“通過,穿過(空間)”。
如:
The river ran through the city. 那條河從城中流過。
(8)over表示“越過,從……上邊過去”。
如:
There is a bridge over the river. 河上有座橋。
5 相似介詞組辨析
1)貌似相同的in front of與in the front of
in front of“在......的前面”,指從外部看來一物在另一物的前面。如:
There’s a big tree in front of the building.
in the front of“在......的前面”,指從內部看來一物在另一物的前部。
如:
The driver sits in the front of the car.
2)貌似相同的in time與on time
in time意思是“及時”,指在時間上有提前、剛好的意思,表示正趕上時候或恰在需要的時候,作表語時常與for sth.或to do sth. 連用。如:
We’re just in time to catch the bus.
on time意思是“按時、準時”,通常指有時間限制,以規定的時間為界,在規定時間內即為按時。
如:We should get to school on time.
The train arrived on time.
3)貌似相同的beside與besides
beside表示位置,意思是“在......的旁邊”,與by,at同意。
如:
There is a big tree beside the house.
besides意思是“除了......以外,還......”與except,but同義。如:
The girl is studying Japanese besides English.
6 but:但是,可是,而
He is old, but he looks very young.
他老了,但他看起來很年輕。
Li Li likes violin but doesn't like piano.
李莉喜歡小提琴,(但是)不喜歡鋼琴。
(but 后面省略了主語Li Li,因為與前面的主語成分相同)
Mary likes violin, but Tom doesn't.
瑪麗喜歡小提琴,而湯姆不喜歡。
(doesn't后面省略了like violin,因為與前面的成分相同)
He isn't a teacher but a doctor.
他不是(一個)老師,而是醫生。
They came here not for money but for the life.
他們到這兒來,不是要錢,而是要命。
注意:
but所連接的句子,句中如果某些成分與前面相同,則可以省略。
7 or:或,或者,否則
Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai.
李明是北京人還是上海人呢?
1.基本用法
or表示“~或”的意思,使用于兩者之中選擇一個的時候。
Would you like coffee or tea?
你喜歡咖啡還是茶?
Tom or I am right.我或者湯姆是對的。
Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room.
李明或者是他的同班同學在打掃房間。
注意:
“A or B”作主語時,謂語動詞隨or后面的詞(B)而定,因此例子中的謂語動詞服從I,用am。
2.特別用法
句型:祈使句, or…=If you don't…, you'll…
同and一樣,or在祈使句中的用法,譯成“請…,否則…”,有轉折的意思。
Hurry up,or you'll miss the bus.
快點吧,否則你就會誤了公共汽車。
=If you don't hurry up,you'll miss the bus.
如果你不快點,你就會誤了這班車。
Study hard,or you'll fail in the exam.
好好學吧,否則你考試就會不及格。
=If you don't study hard,you'll fail in the exam.
如果你不努力學習,你考試就會不及格。
注意:
or疑問句的讀法or前面的部分用升調,后面的部分用降調。
8 副詞和動詞
如果主要動詞前有兩個助動詞,修飾整個句子的副詞(特別是頻度及肯定副詞)要放在兩個助動詞之間,而修飾主要動詞的副詞(特別是方式副詞)應放在這個動詞的前面:
a) Tigers have often been discovered in this area.
You can never have seen such a beautiful place.
He will probably be made President of the Company.
He has surely been punished for his offence.
He may,unfortunately,be killed by robbers.
b) This decision will be publicly announced.
I would have carefully done it,if it had been useful.
He must have seriously considered this matter.
要使副詞(短語)盡可能靠近它修飾的動詞:
We went to deserted village almost ten miles away from the capital yesterday.(不好)
We went yesterday to…capital.(較好)
Yesterday a guest who had come from a distant country called on me.(不好)
A guest…me yesterday.(較好)
Immediately,he told me to leave his house.(不好)
He told me to leave his house immediately.(較好)
9 冠詞應用考點
在有些詞組中,有冠詞和無冠詞意思不同,請注意區別:
1.有些個體名詞“school,college,prison, hospital,bed”等詞與動詞或介詞連用時,有無冠詞表示不同含義
例:go to hospital去醫院看病
go to the hospital去醫院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)
in hospital (生病)住院
in the hospital 在醫院里
at table進餐
at the table在桌子旁
by sea乘船
by the sea在海邊
in front of 在…前面
in the front of 在…范圍內的前部
2.兩個形容詞都有冠詞,表示兩個不同東西。
例:He raises a black and a white cat.他養了一只黑貓和一只白貓。
3.如后一個形容詞無冠詞,則指一物。
例:He raises a black and white cat.他養了一只花貓。
a teacher and writer一位教師兼作家(一個人)
a teacher and a writer一位教師和一位作家(兩個人)
10 辨析基數詞序數詞運用
對數詞的考查不在單純地停留在基數詞或序數詞的構成與用法上了,更多地將基數詞與序數詞同時用于一道題中,考查我們如何正確地判定句子中什么地方用基數詞,什么地方用序數詞。這就要求我們熟練地掌握對基數詞與序數詞的構成與用法。下面就的考題來說明怎樣做好這類考題。
【典型考例1】
(四川涼山州)There are()people in Dale’s family. They live on the()floor.
A. five; nine
B. fifth; nine
C. five; ninth
D. fifth; ninth
【析】正確答案:C。
句意:在戴爾家里有5口人,他們一家居住在九樓。第一句指的是名詞的數量,故用基數詞;而第二句“居住在九樓”,表示的是樓層的順序,故用序數詞。所以,本題的正確答案為C。
【典型考例2】
(湖北鄂州) Our country is nearly()years old. We'll celebrate its()birthday on October 1, around the country.
A. seventy, seventy
B. seventy, seventieth
C. seventieth, seventy
D. seventieth, seventieth
【析】正確答案:B。
句意:我們的國家快70周歲了。我們將在10月1日在全國慶祝她的生日。第一句表示數量,在結合被修飾的名詞為復數形式years可知,故70使用基數詞seventy。第二句因為被修飾的名詞birthday為單數形式,因此這里的70表示順序,故用序數詞seventieth。所以,本題的正確答案為B.
11 There be 句型的用法
與
1)基本結構:
肯定句式:be +done (及物動詞的過去分詞)
如果是不及物動詞 + 相應的介詞或副詞
否定句式:be +not +done
疑問句式:be動詞(情態動詞)放句首
被動語態中的be為助動詞,無意義。be可能是am , is , are也可能是was ,were或原形be。
注:被動語態的時態是由be的時態決定的,be是什么時態,全句就是什么時態,be后面的過去分詞不變。
eg:
1.The song is liked by young people. (肯定句)
2.The song isn’t liked by young people.(否定句)
3. Is the song liked by young people ?(一般疑問句)
4.Who is the song liked by ?=By whom is the song liked?(特殊疑問句)
各種時態的構成(動詞以do為例):
→一般現在時
動詞的被動形式:am/is /are done
例句:He is asked to do this.
→一般過去時
動詞的被動形式:was/were done
例句:The story was told by her mother.
→一般將來時
動詞的被動形式:will /shall be done
Is/are going to
例句:The problem will be discussed tomorrow.
→過去將來時
動詞的被動形式:should/would be done
Was/were are going to
例句:He said the trees would be planted soon.
→現在進行時
動詞的被動形式:am/is/are being done
例句:The novel is being written.
→過去進行時
動詞的被動形式:was/were being done
例句:At that time the desk was being made.
→現在完成時
動詞的被動形式:has/have been done
例句:The house has been built.
→過去完成時
動詞的被動形式:had been done
例句:They said that their work had been finished.
含有情態動詞的被動語態:情態動詞+be+ done Your homework must be handed in today.
其它幾種特殊句型:
It is said that ……..
It is well known that …….
It is reported that……
例:
History is made by the people. (一般現在時)
The cars were made in Tianjin in 1995. (一般過去時)
The tree will be cut down next year.(一般將來時)
The room must be kept clean.(含有情態動詞的被動語態)
The door is being opened.(現在進行時)
The film has been seen by me.(現在完成時)
注:不同時態的被動語態的差異主要體現在助動詞be的變化上,同時助動詞be還要在人稱和數上與主語保持一致。
2)應用情況
行為的執行者不明確或不必說出來。
eg: A stranger was killed last night.
用于強調動作的承受者而不是執行者。
eg: The story is told everywhere in the city.
3)被動語態的用法
1. 一般現在時的被動語態構成:is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
2. 一般過去時的被動語態構成:was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new shop was built last year.
3. 現在完成時的被動語態構成:has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
4. 一般將來時的被動語態構成:will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情態動詞的被動語態構成:情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
6. 現在進行時的被動語態構成:am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tomnow.
7. 不定式的被動語態:to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees tobe planted.
13 狀語從句
時間狀語從句最常考的是until,常常和非延續性動詞組合。
其次是結合進行時考察when/while/as,再次是結合主將從現考察as soon as/whenever.
原因狀語從句,主要考察since作為既然的意思。
目的狀語從句,考察較少。
結果狀語從句常?疾靤o...that與such...that的辨析,so+many/few/much/little+名詞結構用用的是so而不是such是一個重要考點。
條件狀語從句最常考的是unless,相當于if…not,意為“除非,如果不”。其次結合主將從現考察if的用法
讓步狀語從句,主要考察句子的讓步關系
引導讓步狀語從句的連詞主要有以下這些:though, although,while, as; even if, even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑問詞,疑問詞-ever,一般翻譯為“盡管……”或“即使……”,“無論……”。
用法如下:
1、though, although表示“雖然,縱然”之意。這兩個連詞意思大致相同,在一般情況下可以互換使用。在口語中,though較常使用,although比though正式,二者都可與yet, still或never,the less連用,但不能與but連用。
例如:
Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他雖然年紀大了,身體還很健壯。
值得注意的是,although引導的讓步狀語從句位于主句之前的情況較多,though引導的讓步狀語從句可位于主句之前或主句之后。
2、as,though表示“雖然……但是”,“縱使……”之意。
as引導的讓步狀語從句必須以部分倒裝的形式出現,被倒裝的部分可以是表語、狀語或動詞原形,though也可用于這樣的結構中,但although不可以這樣用。
例如:
Hard as/ though he works, he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard, he makes little progress.)盡管他學習很努力,但幾乎沒取得什么進步。
3、 even if, even though 表示“即使……”,“縱使……”之意,含有一種假設。這兩個復合連詞的意思基本相同。它們;Q使用,但意義有細微差別。
even if 引導的讓步從句含有強烈的假定性,可用來表示與事實相反的假設,但不能用來描述已經發生的事實。
而even though引導讓步狀語從句時,是以從句的內容為先決條件的,即說話人肯定了從句的事實,表示已經發生了的事。
例如:
We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天氣不好,我們也要作一次旅行。
4、whether...or...表示“不論是否……”,“不管是……還是……”之意。
由這一個復合連詞引導的讓步狀語從句旨在說明正反兩方面的可能性都不會影響主句的意向或結果。
例如:
You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 不管你忙不忙,都要參加這個典禮 。
5、“no matter+疑問詞”或“疑問詞-ever”的含義為“……都……;不管……都……”它們引導的讓步狀語從句可以互換。
例如:
No matter what happened, he would not mind. (=Whatever happened, he would not mind.)無論發生了什么,他都不會介意的。
但“no matter+疑問詞”結構只能引導讓步狀語從句,而“疑問詞-ever”還可以引導名詞性從句。
例如:
Whatever (=No matter what) you say, I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引導讓步狀語從句)無論你說什么,我都不會相信你。
I'll eat whatever (≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引導賓語從句)你給我吃什么,我就吃什么。
14 基本句型結構
簡單句:
只存在一個主謂關系的句子,即一個主語部分和一個謂語部分組成。
并列句:
當我們需要把幾個意思連在一起時,可用標點符號或等立連詞或連接副詞把幾個簡單句連接成一個并列句。它們之間的關系是同等的。
復合句:
當一個句子由一個主句和一個從句構成時,這就是復合句。復合句的主語往往可以獨立存在,從句則只作一個句子成分。
句型結構舉例
S+V
1)Thestudentworksveryhard.
2)Sheapologizedtomeagain.
3)Theaccidenthappenedyesterdayevening.
SVP
4)ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.
5)Thedinnersmellsgood.
6)Hefellinlove.
7)Everythinglooksdifferent.
8)Heisgrowingtallandstrong.
9)Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.
10)Ourwellhasgonedry.
11)Hisfaceturnedred.
SVO
12)Whoknowstheanswer
13)Shesmiledherthanks.
14)Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.
15)Heenjoysreading.
16)Theyatewhatwasleftover.
17)Hesaid"Goodmorning."
18)Iwanttohaveacupoftea.
19)Headmitsthathewasmistaken.
SVOO
1)Sheorderedherselfanewdress.
2)Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.
3)Hebroughtyouadictionary.
4)Hedenieshernothing.
5)Ishowedhimmypictures.
6)Igavemycarawash.
7)Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.
8)Heshowedmehowtorunthemachine.
SVOC
1)Theyappointedhimmanager.
2)Theypaintedthedoorgreen.
3)Thissetthemthinking.
4)Theyfoundthehousedeserted.
5)Whatmakeshimthinkso
6)Wesawhimout.
7)Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.
8)Isawthemgettingonthebus.
15寫作技巧
1、審
審清題意,構建框架,明確體裁,掌握格式
文字信息;圖畫信息;題材、人稱、時態、要點
2、抓
抓住要點,一 一對應。
列關鍵詞,以詞及點:用一兩個單詞或短語寫出每個點的細節要點。
3、連
連詞成句,變換句式
聯詞成句:用聯詞成句的方法將上述要點的詞語擴展成句子。
4、集
集句成段,添連接詞
主語和謂語
背景(適當增加時間、地點、條件等)
邏輯關系
開頭與結尾
5、組
組段成篇
加主題句
注意上下文語篇銜接(適當使用過渡詞、句)
完善結尾
6、抄
抄寫規范,避免錯誤
定稿后應認真謄寫,要求書寫規范、正確、美觀,并保持卷面整潔。


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